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- 31 - Plurals (3): Class plurals
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- 33 - Comparatives & Superlatives
- 34 - Abstract Suffix
- 35 - Further suffixes
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- Lessons 41 onwards >
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A-stem intransitive endings
What do transitive and intransitive mean?
A transitive verb requires a direct object; a noun or pronoun that follows the verb and completes the phrase
e.g. I like him, I kicked a ball (objects are marked in bold/italic)
Intransitive verbs don't need an object to complete a phrase e.g. I listened, I smiled
Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on the sentence, e.g.
You knew
I knew him
She served
It served them
A transitive verb requires a direct object; a noun or pronoun that follows the verb and completes the phrase
e.g. I like him, I kicked a ball (objects are marked in bold/italic)
Intransitive verbs don't need an object to complete a phrase e.g. I listened, I smiled
Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on the sentence, e.g.
You knew
I knew him
She served
It served them
The 'default' verb endings (the ones from Lesson 18) are the transitive endings, and are the ones you will use most often. However if you need to use the intransitive form of these verbs, you need a different set of endings.
Please be aware that not every verb can act intransitively, e.g. Menna- 'to send'. You can say Den mennon = I sent it, but you can't just say Mennon = I sent.
These suffixes are only applicable to verbs that can act both transitively and intransitively. If a verb is only intransitive and then use the endings in Lesson 18. You will also find that some pairs exist, e.g. Doltha- and Delia-, which both mean 'to conceal'. Doltha- is transitive, and Delia- is intransitive.
As you can see the intransitive endings are quite similar to the normal endings; instead of an N/NT they take an S(S).
Intransitive pronominal suffixes
I... |
-ssen |
We... |
-ssem |
You... (formal) |
-ssol |
You all... (formal) |
-ssodh |
You... (informal) |
-ssog |
You all... (informal) |
-ssogir |
He/she/it... |
-s |
They... |
-sser |
Passive participle (adjective) |
-ssen |
Plural |
-ssin |
Remember to follow the normal plural rules when pluralising the passive participle
Example: Nesta- 'to heal'
I healed |
Nestassen |
We healed |
Nestassem |
You healed (formal) |
Nestassol |
You all healed (formal) |
Nestassodh |
You healed (informal) |
Nestassog |
You all healed (informal) |
Nestassogir |
He/she/it healed |
Nestas |
They healed |
Nestasser |
Healed (passive participle) |
Nestassen |
Plural |
Nestessin |
Intransitive examples
Nestassen min mbar Elrond = I healed in Elrond's house
I minn nestessin = The healed men
Raithasser = They tried
Bangassem = We traded
I minn nestessin = The healed men
Raithasser = They tried
Bangassem = We traded
A-stem consonant simplification
Although A-stem verbs do not for the most part have I-affection and consonant changes to worry about, they do have some simplifications to prevent large groups of repeated consonants.
The three verb endings that this table refers to are verbs ending in -
-(n)na (e.g. Penna-, Gohena-)
-ida (e.g. Nimmida-)
-ada (e.g. Tangada-)
The three verb endings that this table refers to are verbs ending in -
-(n)na (e.g. Penna-, Gohena-)
-ida (e.g. Nimmida-)
-ada (e.g. Tangada-)
Before you add the suffixes below you need to remove some of the stem.
Stems ending in -na
Remove the final -na, e.g.
Gohena- = Gohe-
For the 3rd person singular version use the full stem, e.g. Gohena-
Stems ending in -nna
Remove the final -nna, e.g
Penna- = Pe-
For the 3rd person singular version use the full stem, e.g. Penna-
Stems ending in -ida
Remove the final -da, e.g.
Nimmida = Nimmi-
Stems ending in -ada
Remove the final -da, e.g.
Tangada- -> Tanga-
Stems ending in -na
Remove the final -na, e.g.
Gohena- = Gohe-
For the 3rd person singular version use the full stem, e.g. Gohena-
Stems ending in -nna
Remove the final -nna, e.g
Penna- = Pe-
For the 3rd person singular version use the full stem, e.g. Penna-
Stems ending in -ida
Remove the final -da, e.g.
Nimmida = Nimmi-
Stems ending in -ada
Remove the final -da, e.g.
Tangada- -> Tanga-
(i) refers to the vowel 'i' in -ida
(a) refers to the vowel 'a' in -ada
In both cases, add the vowel in with the rest of the suffix
(a) refers to the vowel 'a' in -ada
In both cases, add the vowel in with the rest of the suffix
I... |
-(i)(a)nnen |
We... |
-(i)(a)nnem |
You... (formal) |
-(i)(a)nnol |
You all... (formal) |
-(i)(a)nnodh |
You... (informal) |
-(i)(a)nnog |
You all... (informal) |
-(i)(a)nnogir |
He/she/it... |
-int/ant For verbs ending -ida use -int. For all other verbs use -ant. |
They... |
-(i)(a)nner |
Passive participle (adjective) |
-(i)(a)nnen |
Plural |
-(i)(a)nnin |
Examples
Pennen = I came down in a slant
Pennant = It came down in a slant
Penner = They came down in a slant
Nimminnem = We whitened
Nimmint = It whitened
Nimminner = They whitened
Tangannodh = You all established (formal)
Tangadant = It established
Tanganner = They established
Pennant = It came down in a slant
Penner = They came down in a slant
Nimminnem = We whitened
Nimmint = It whitened
Nimminner = They whitened
Tangannodh = You all established (formal)
Tangadant = It established
Tanganner = They established
A-stem irregular verbs
And finally, we come to the small group of A-stem verbs that have irregular conjugations in the past tense only. They are regular in the present tense and the future tense. For the true irregular verbs that are irregular in most tenses, please see Lesson 22.
The reason that these are important is that to make them regular is the equivalent of saying 'I thinked' or 'I drinked' in English. You know what the person means, but it isn't the correct formation and it certainly isn't how a native would say it!
Instead of listing the consonant changes in one table, I'm going to do each verb individually as some have very different changes to others. If a conjugation isn't listed, treat it as regular (e.g. 1st person singular for Banga- would be Bangannen/Bangassen).
The reason that these are important is that to make them regular is the equivalent of saying 'I thinked' or 'I drinked' in English. You know what the person means, but it isn't the correct formation and it certainly isn't how a native would say it!
Instead of listing the consonant changes in one table, I'm going to do each verb individually as some have very different changes to others. If a conjugation isn't listed, treat it as regular (e.g. 1st person singular for Banga- would be Bangannen/Bangassen).
Aníra- to want
I wanted |
Anírnen |
We wanted |
Anírnem |
You wanted (formal) |
Anírnol |
You all wanted (formal) |
Anírnodh |
You wanted (informal) |
Anírnog |
You all wanted (informal) |
Anírnogir |
He/she/it wanted |
Anírn |
They wanted |
Anírner |
Wanted (passive participle) |
Anírnen |
Plural |
Anírnin |
Tíra- to see, to gaze is conjugated identically to Aníra-
Anna- to give
I gave |
Ónen |
We gave |
Ónem |
You gave (formal) |
Ónel |
You all gave (formal) |
Ónedh |
You gave (informal) |
Óneg |
You all gave (informal) |
Ónegir |
He/she/it gave |
Aun |
They gave |
Óner |
Given (passive participle) |
Ónen |
Plural |
Ónin |
Banga- to trade (transitive/intransitive)
He/she/it traded |
Banc/Bangas |
They traded |
Banger/Bangasser |
Carfa- to speak (transitive/intransitive)
I spoke |
Agarfannen/Agarfassen |
We spoke |
Agarfannem/Agarfassem |
You spoke (formal) |
Agarfannol/Agarfassol |
You all spoke (formal) |
Agarfannodh/Agarfassodh |
You spoke (informal) |
Agarfannog/Agarfassog |
You all spoke (informal) |
Agarfannogir/Agarfassogir |
He/she/it spoke |
Agarfant/Agarfast |
They spoke |
Agarfanner/Agarfasser |
Spoken (passive participle) |
Agarfannen |
Plural |
Egerfennin |
Gala- to grow
He/she/it grew |
Aul |
Gerund |
Galod |
Gawa- to disguise, falsify
I disguised |
Gonen |
We disguised |
Gonem |
You disguised (formal) |
Gonel |
You all disguised (formal) |
Gonedh |
You disguised (informal) |
Goneg |
You all disguised (informal) |
Gonegir |
He/she/it disguised |
Gaun |
They disguised |
Goner |
Disguised (passive participle) |
Gonen |
Plural |
Genin |
Ista- to know (the transitive form is irregular)
I knew |
Sinnen or Istassen |
We knew |
Sinnem or Istassem |
You knew (formal) |
Sinnel/Istassel |
You all knew (formal) |
Sinnedh/Istassedh |
You knew (informal) |
Sinneg/Istasseg |
You all knew (informal) |
Sinnegir/Istassegir |
He/she/it knew |
Sint or Istas |
They knew |
Sinner or Istasser |
Known (passive participle) |
Sinnen |
Plural |
Sinnin |
Muda- to labour, work (only has an intransitive form)
I laboured |
Mudassen |
We laboured |
Mudassem |
He/she/it laboured |
Mudas |
They laboured |
Mudasser |
Laboured (passive participle) |
Mudassen |
Plural |
Mydessin |
